Benguigui, G. "Tonga in Turmoil." Journal of the Polynesian Society 120.4 (2011): 349-67. Print.
This article looks at the social reform and civil unrest that has taken place in the history of Tonga and how it has affected the current hierarchy.
30 March 2012
Maneze, D., et al. "A Descriptive Study of Kava Use among Tongan Men in Macarthur, Sydney South West." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 32.4 (2008): 314-16. Print.
This article critically examines the use of kava in Tonga. Men were surveyed and from the survey it was found that drinking kava is generally accompanied by smoking, drinking alcohol, and eating sugary foods. The reason the men participate in this is mainly for a social experience.
28 March 2012
Begossi, A. "Use of Ecological Methods in Ethnobotany: Diversity Indices." Economic Botany 50.3 (1996): 280-89. Print.
An article on the ethnobotanical studies carried out in different places around the world to calculate diversity indices. In Tonga, there is a low diversity of plants used compared to places in South America and Asia. This information helps when discussing conservation.
26 March 2012
Howes, M. J. R., and P. J. Houghton. "Ethnobotanical Treatment Strategies against Alzheimer's Disease." Current Alzheimer Research 9.1 (2012): 67-85. Print.
Many plants have been used for different medicinal needs (an aspect included in the definition of ethnobotany). Lately scientists have been looking into why a certain plan has certain characteristics. This particular study looks into the plants used for Alzheimer's Disease and dementia.
23 March 2012
Luczaj, L. J., and M. Kujawska. "Botanists and Their Childhood Memories: An Underutilized Expert Source in Ethnobotanical Research." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 168.3 (2012): 334-43. Print.
This short article talks about the thing that are overlooked in ethnobotany. The botanists look at over 100 plants and their functions. Many of the plants originate in Poland.
21 March 2012
Young, Kim. "Ethnobotany" New York: Chelsea House 2007. viii 112. 25.
<http://search.lib.byu.edu/byu/id:byu_unicorn3865124>
This is a book found at the HBL Library that defines ethnobotany, talks about how it is used to classify plants, and how plants have created cultures all over the world. This will contribute to my literature review as an argument for why the study of ehtnobotany is important.
19 March 2012
Cotton, C.M. "Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications." School of Life Sciences, Roehampton Institute, London, UK. p ix-424. 1996.
<http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19960309613.html?freeview=true>
This is a book that divulges a summary of what ethnobotany is. It goes into the uses of several plants and the basic important things to know about studying plants.
16 March 2012
Hartig, Terry and Clare Cooper Marcus. "Healing Gardens: Places for nature in health care." Medicine and Creativity. Volume 368. December 2006.
<http://web.comhem.se/u68426711/24/Hartig2006HealingGardens-PlacesNatureHealthcare.pdf>
This is a short essay on the value of healing gardens. These gardens are where plants are grown that can be used medicinally.
14 March 2012
Martin, Gary J. Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual. Published by Earthscan 2004.
<http://books.google.com/books?id=7runh1R9ovkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false>
Martin goes into the specifics of what studying ethnobotany is like. He includes descriptions of collecting data, the study of botany, anthropology, ecology, economy, language barriers, and how ethnobotany interacts with local society. This book will be very very helpful.
12 March 2012
Begossi, Alpina. "Use of ecological methods in ethnobotany: Diversity indices." Economic Botany. Volume 50 Issue 3 p. 280-289.
<http://apps.webofknowledge.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/full_record.do?product=BIOSIS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3CbCDkB5O5KBDF6jp@m&page=1&doc=4>
This study is on the plants used in several different countries and what they are used for. The study focused on the diversity of the plant life found in several different locations around the world.
9 March 2012
Whistler, Arthur. "The Unique Flowers of Polynesia: Tonga."
| Bulletin - National Tropical Botanical Garden. Bull Natl Trop Bot Gard July 1989. v. 19 (3) <http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=IND90047767&DB=local&CNT=25&Search_Code=GKEY&STARTDB=AGRIDB> Whistler talks about the flowers found in Tonga. He explains what each flower is and looks like. He is backed by the botanical garden, which implies a fairly credible source. | |
Harris, Stephen and Elizabeth Hsu. "Plants, health and healing : on the interface of ethnobotany and medical anthropology." Epistemologies of Healing. Volume 6. January 1 2010.
<http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=8&hid=10&sid=20f21c86-0449-4146-bdd1-ce56bd352204%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=agr&AN=CAT31076345>
This article discusses nonnative plants and their uses by people of all ages. One of the main topics is medicinal anthropology, something that includes the field of ethnobotany. This topic will be helpful in forming opinions about what plants are most important around teh world.
5 March 2012
Thaman, R.R. "Science of Pacific Island Coastal Plants." University of the South Pacific, 1994. 147-191.
<http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=soqy__Vue6kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA147&dq=plants%2Btonga%2Bethnobotany&ots=uwAsIkP02x&sig=hxKwZX6o8cIHAMxVuK7bjbWfsa0#v=onepage&q=plants%2Btonga%
2Bethnobotany&f=false>
This is an article in a larger book. The author begins by claiming that anyone with too narrow of a discipline cannot truly engage in ethnobotany. You have to be a linguist, a botanist, an anthropologist, and a biologist. He goes on to explain how plants may have been (and are currently) used on the islands. This article also transcribes which plants are used for what and how many.
2 March 2012
Cunningham, Anthony. Applied Ethnobotany: People, Wild Plant Use and Conservation. Earthscan Publications Ltd. 2001. Web 1 March 2012.
<http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cM2NP3CB4j0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=ethnobotany&ots=-6L9MlViYV&sig=fZb4Et4LZvhvw_Qos1AFwX4-ZQc#v=onepage&q=ethnobotany&f=false>
This book describes some myths and legends that follow ethnobotany as well as how traditions and uses have changed. Local plants are described and their economic impact divulged. The general ecosystem and the effects therein are included.
27 February 2012
Wang, Mian-Ying et al. "Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A literature review and recent advances in Noni research." University of Illinois College of Medicine. December. Issue 23 Volume 12. 1127-1141.
<http://www.chinaphar.com/1671-4083/23/1127.htm>
This article is on the research that is being done on the noni plant. Noni has been used for a very long time with a large array of different treatments. It summarizes reviews and
29 Febraury 2012
Koske R. E. et al. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Effects on Growth of Two Hawaiian Species: Indigenous Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (Rosaceae) and Invasive Psidium cattleianum (Myrtaceae)" Pacific Science, BioOne. 60(4):471-482. <http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1353/psc.2006.0033>
This article talked about two species of plants found in the South Pacific and how they compete among each other and other species found in similar locations.studies that have been done on the plant.24 February 2012
Fahs, Barbara. "Noni Needn't Taste Nasty." Proceedings of the 2002 Hawai‘i Noni Conference, S.C. Nelson (ed.), University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Tropical
Agriculture and Human Resources, 2003.
<http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/Downloads/noni17_19.pdf>
This short article is a great advocate of herbal medicine. Noni heals abrasions to the skin simply by warming a leaf and applying it to the infected area. Sometimes the fruit is fermented and then drunk. The author explains other ways that the plant is altered and utilized.
22 February 2012
Isacks, Bryan. "Lateral Variations of Seismic-Wave Attenuation in the Upper Mantle above the Inclined Earthquake Zone of the Tonga Island Arc: Deep Anomaly in the Upper Mantle." Journal of Geophysical Research. March 1971. Vol. 78 no. 35.
<http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1971/JB076i035p08493.shtml>
This source talks about how the islands of Tonga were formed. I think that this is an important thing to know about when traveling to the islands, mostly because I think it's cool. Volcanic arcs really are fascinating, and if there is any way to tell how the islands formed million of years ago, I would love to learn about it.
21 February 2012
Iwatsuki, Kunio. "New or Noteworthy Ferns from the Tonga Islands." American Fern Journal. Oct-Dec. 1963. Volume 53 Issue 4.
<http://www.jstor.org/pss/1546149>
This article is a survey of the ferns found in Tonga. Unfortunately the study is somewhat outdated, but still useful. Only some ferns have medicinal purposes.
17 February 2012
Feierman, Steve. "Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa." June/September 1985. Volume 28 Issues 2 and 3.
<http://www.jstor.org/pss/524604>
This article covers medicinal practices in Africa. Obviously this has nothing to to with Tonga, but a comparison to how they work in other countries may prove to be helpful. The thesis includes the idea that both doctors and natural healers have a minimal influence on people's actual health.
15 February 2012
Whistler, Arthur. Tongan Herbal Medicine. Print. 1992.
<http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8ca4lI_peywC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=tonga+natural+healers&ots=ox_z42mww9&sig=ojgSpvrONSpc3HUqu11vaarrnfU#v=onepage&q=tonga%20natural%20healers&f=false>
Arthur Whistler appears to be a very prominent figure when it comes to natural healers in Tonga. He divulges in a brief Tongan history, explaining when the practice might have started and who influenced the Tongans. When the Tongans were exposed to westernized diseases, they had to find different treatments. This article is very history-based.
13 February 2012
Parsons, Claire D.F. "Developments in the Role of the Tongan Healer." The Journal of the Polynesian Society. March 1983. Volume 92 Issue 1. p 31-50.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/20705755>
Natural healers in Tonga have not been well documented. This article talks about how traditional healing has not been squashed out by western medicine. In fact, it has grown. The author also talks about the healer's skill versus the healer's power. Lastly she discusses how the healers are paid.
10 February 2012
James, Kerry. "Cutting the Ground from under Them? Commercialization, Cultivation, and Conservation in Tonga." TCP. 1993. Volume 5 Issue 2. 35. <http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/12920>
In an interesting article, James addresses the issues Tonga will have if and when they cut down a lot of forested land for agricultural purposes. A lot of people are destroying the vegetation for quick and short term monetary gain. The Tongans should be aware of what happened at Rapa Nui and be fearful of the same fate. This article might help me with my project because it talks about how the land of Tonga is being used today, something that might be important when learning about what plants are grown naturally and which are cultivated.
8 February 2012
Fall, Partricia. "Plant Dispersal, Introduced Species, and Vegetation Change in the South Pacific Kingdom of Tonga." Pacific Science. April 2011. Volume 65 Issue 2. 143-156.
<http://apps.webofknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=11&SID=4CeInJFKeGE1JiibBn9&page=1&doc=3>
Fall describes how the plants in Tonga have been influenced by the dispersal of seeds throughout the islands. Bats and other animals move the seeds from place to place. This sort of article would be helpful when I'm documenting what plants are from Tonga and what are foreign. This may have an effect on which are used for medicine, which for spices, etc.
6 February 2012
Etkin, Nina and Brien Meilleur. "Ethnomedicine in Tonga: past trends and future directions." Journal de la Societe des oceanistas. 1993 Volume 96 Issue 96. 19-27.
<http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jso_0300-953x_1993_num_96_1_2917>
This article is a review of past literature on medicinal plants in Tonga. They look at classical ethnobotanical studies, ethnographic studies, pharmacologic studies, and behavioral studies. Because the focus of my study is still unclear, this article could help me narrow my focus.
3 February
Drake, Whistler, Imada. "Rain forest vegetation of 'Eua Island, Kingdom of Tonga." New Zealand Journal of Botany. 1996. Volume 34. 65-77.
<http://131.95.113.139/courses/multivariate/braycurt.pdf>
This article is a basic description of the layout of Tonga in terms of plants. It discusses soil, plants, and trees found in different parts of the island. Some plots were coastal, some bush or forest. Soil and climate are also taken into consideration. This article does not address the medicinal aspects of plants found in Tonga, but it does describe what plants are found where, which could prove to be very helpful.
1 February
R.C. Cambie and J. Ash. Fijian Medicinal Plants. Published by CSIRO Australia, 1994.
<http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jxvMfprugfAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=medicinal+plants+of+tonga&ots=KDdSCrXsix&sig=_itUkSnq055vOzxJbUyM1UPOkEE#v=onepage&q=medicinal%20plants%20of%20tonga&f=false>
Fijian Medicinal Plants is a book that brings together previous reports of medicinal plants found in Fiji. The idea is to help people be able to recognize medicinal plants and use them for what they're useful for. Although this book does not discuss plants found in Tonga, it can still be useful by way of layout and which plants they use. Fiji and Tonga are relatively close together, so some of their plants may be very similar, if not identical.
30 January
Yuncker, T.G. "Plants of Tonga." Published by the Museum of Honolulu, Hawai'i 1959.
<http://www.cieer.org/efloras/tonga/yuncker_1959_bull220.pdf>
This short book talks about several different types of plants found in Tonga, along with scientific names and the native names. He gives a brief description of the layout of the islands before discussing plants. Unfortunately, medicinal uses are not included.
27 January
Whistler, Arther. "Polynesian Herbal Medicine." University of Hawai'i Press. September 1993. Print.
<https://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-6255-9780915809165.aspx>
This book delves into medicinal plants found all over Polynesia. Instead of focusing on one area, Whistler takes information from every island, along with their cultural past. He studied literature, interviewed healers, and surveyed general botany.
25 January
Whistler, Arthur. "Herbal Medicine in the Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Ethnopharmacology. March 1991. Volume 31 Issue 3. 339-372.
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037887419190020E>
This article is a study of medicinal practices in Tonga in the late 80s. 105 plants were documented for their purpose and popularity. This article would help me become familiar with the plants that grow in Tonga. It is likely that I can model my research after this man's article.
23 January
McGrath, Barbara. "Healing Practice in Tonga." Medical Anthropology Quarterly. January 2008. Volume 13 Issue 4. 483-504.
McGrath presents the different options of healing found in Tongan: traditional and western. She discussed the idea of medical pluralism.
20 January
Singh, Yadhu. "A Study on Herbal Medicines for Obstetric and Gynecological Conditions." Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 3 December 1984. Volume 12 Issue 3 p. 305-329.
This article focused on gynecological and obstetric pain complained of by women in Tonga. The pain was treated using both traditional and westernized medicine and the effects were surveyed.
18 January
Young, Heather. "Kau Faito'o: Traditional Healers of Tonga." Contemporary Pacific. Spring 2004. Published by ProQuest.
This is a review of a short film directed by Melinda Ostraff. The country, people, and general medicine of Tonga is described. The ultimate thesis is that westernized medicine is not something the people of Tonga need or want.
16 January
Sax, Dov F. "Species Invasions Exceed Extinctions on Islands Worldwide: A comparative Study of Plants and Birds." The American Society of Naturalists. December 2002. Volume 160 Issue 6 p. 160-168.
The purpose of this source is to report how species variations on the Pacific Islands has changed over the years. Birds and other animals have become less varied, while the number of plant species has doubled. He surveys the land.
13 January
Weiner, Michael A. "Ethnomedicine in Tonga." Economic Botany. January 2007. Volume 25 Issue 4 p. 423-450.
This article discusses the names and uses of 71 plants found in the South Pacific. This will be helpful for my project, but only if my project is very focused.
